In onCreate of WindowState.java, there is a possible way to launch a background activity due to a logic error in the code. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2023-09-01
https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/7428962d3b064ce1122809d87af65099d1129c9e