Pterodactyl is an open-source game server management panel built with PHP 7, React, and Go. A malicious user can modify the contents of a `confirmation_token` input during the two-factor authentication process to reference a cache value not associated with the login attempt. In rare cases this can allow a malicious actor to authenticate as a random user in the Panel. The malicious user must target an account with two-factor authentication enabled, and then must provide a correct two-factor authentication token before being authenticated as that user. Due to a validation flaw in the logic handling user authentication during the two-factor authentication process a malicious user can trick the system into loading credentials for an arbitrary user by modifying the token sent to the server. This authentication flaw is present in the `LoginCheckpointController@__invoke` method which handles two-factor authentication for a user. This controller looks for a request input parameter called `confirmation_token` which is expected to be a 64 character random alpha-numeric string that references a value within the Panel's cache containing a `user_id` value. This value is then used to fetch the user that attempted to login, and lookup their two-factor authentication token. Due to the design of this system, any element in the cache that contains only digits could be referenced by a malicious user, and whatever value is stored at that position would be used as the `user_id`. There are a few different areas of the Panel that store values into the cache that are integers, and a user who determines what those cache keys are could pass one of those keys which would cause this code pathway to reference an arbitrary user. At its heart this is a high-risk login bypass vulnerability. However, there are a few additional conditions that must be met in order for this to be successfully executed, notably: 1.) The account referenced by the malicious cache key must have two-factor authentication enabled. An account without two-factor authentication would cause an exception to be triggered by the authentication logic, thusly exiting this authentication flow. 2.) Even if the malicious user is able to reference a valid cache key that references a valid user account with two-factor authentication, they must provide a valid two-factor authentication token. However, due to the design of this endpoint once a valid user account is found with two-factor authentication enabled there is no rate-limiting present, thusly allowing an attacker to brute force combinations until successful. This leads to a third condition that must be met: 3.) For the duration of this attack sequence the cache key being referenced must continue to exist with a valid `user_id` value. Depending on the specific key being used for this attack, this value may disappear quickly, or be changed by other random user interactions on the Panel, outside the control of the attacker. In order to mitigate this vulnerability the underlying authentication logic was changed to use an encrypted session store that the user is therefore unable to control the value of. This completely removed the use of a user-controlled value being used. In addition, the code was audited to ensure this type of vulnerability is not present elsewhere.

There are packages installed that are affected by a vulnerability referenced in the following CVE:

  - Pterodactyl is an open-source game server management panel built with PHP 7, React, and Go. A malicious
    user can modify the contents of a `confirmation_token` input during the two-factor authentication process
    to reference a cache value not associated with the login attempt. In rare cases this can allow a malicious
    actor to authenticate as a random user in the Panel. The malicious user must target an account with two-
    factor authentication enabled, and then must provide a correct two-factor authentication token before
    being authenticated as that user. Due to a validation flaw in the logic handling user authentication
    during the two-factor authentication process a malicious user can trick the system into loading
    credentials for an arbitrary user by modifying the token sent to the server. This authentication flaw is
    present in the `LoginCheckpointController@__invoke` method which handles two-factor authentication for a
    user. This controller looks for a request input parameter called `confirmation_token` which is expected to
    be a 64 character random alpha-numeric string that references a value within the Panel's cache containing
    a `user_id` value. This value is then used to fetch the user that attempted to login, and lookup their
    two-factor authentication token. Due to the design of this system, any element in the cache that contains
    only digits could be referenced by a malicious user, and whatever value is stored at that position would
    be used as the `user_id`. There are a few different areas of the Panel that store values into the cache
    that are integers, and a user who determines what those cache keys are could pass one of those keys which
    would cause this code pathway to reference an arbitrary user. At its heart this is a high-risk login
    bypass vulnerability. However, there are a few additional conditions that must be met in order for this to
    be successfully executed, notably: 1.) The account referenced by the malicious cache key must have two-
    factor authentication enabled. An account without two-factor authentication would cause an exception to be
    triggered by the authentication logic, thusly exiting this authentication flow. 2.) Even if the malicious
    user is able to reference a valid cache key that references a valid user account with two-factor
    authentication, they must provide a valid two-factor authentication token. However, due to the design of
    this endpoint once a valid user account is found with two-factor authentication enabled there is no rate-
    limiting present, thusly allowing an attacker to brute force combinations until successful. This leads to
    a third condition that must be met: 3.) For the duration of this attack sequence the cache key being
    referenced must continue to exist with a valid `user_id` value. Depending on the specific key being used
    for this attack, this value may disappear quickly, or be changed by other random user interactions on the
    Panel, outside the control of the attacker. In order to mitigate this vulnerability the underlying
    authentication logic was changed to use an encrypted session store that the user is therefore unable to
    control the value of. This completely removed the use of a user-controlled value being used. In addition,
    the code was audited to ensure this type of vulnerability is not present elsewhere. (CVE-2021-41129)

ID	Name	Product	Family	Type	Severity
411030	SCA: security update for pterodactyl/panel (GHSA-5vfx-8w6m-h3v4)	Tenable Cloud Security	SCA Checks	Local	high
411030	SCA: security update for pterodactyl/panel (GHSA-5vfx-8w6m-h3v4)	Tenable Self-Hosted Container Security	SCA Checks	Local	high

Detections

Analytics

CVE-2021-41129

high

Tenable Plugins

high

high