http://bugzilla.maptools.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2592

DSA-3762

[oss-security] 20161111 CVE request: LibTIFF tiffcrop: Heap buffer overflow via writeBufferToSeparateStrips

[oss-security] 20161121 Re: CVE request: LibTIFF tiffcrop: Heap buffer overflow via writeBufferToSeparateStrips

94424

https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1397726

GLSA-201701-16

According to the versions of the libtiff packages installed, the EulerOS installation on the remote host is affected by the following vulnerabilities :

  - The libtiff package contains a library of functions for     manipulating TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) image     format files. TIFF is a widely used file format for     bitmapped images. TIFF files usually end in the .tif     extension and they are often quite large. The libtiff     package should be installed if you need to manipulate     TIFF format image files. Security Fix(es):There is a     reachable assertion abort in the function     TIFFWriteDirectoryTagSubifd() in LibTIFF 4.0.8, related     to tif_dirwrite.c and a SubIFD tag. A crafted input     will lead to a remote denial of service     attack.(CVE-2017-13727)The putagreytile function in     tif_getimage.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 has a left-shift     undefined behavior issue, which might allow remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (application     crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a     crafted image.(CVE-2017-7592)An issue was discovered in     LibTIFF 4.0.9. There is a int32 overflow in multiply_ms     in tools/ppm2tiff.c, which can cause a denial of     service (crash) or possibly have unspecified other     impact via a crafted image     file.(CVE-2018-17100)tif_read.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 does     not ensure that tif_rawdata is properly initialized,     which might allow remote attackers to obtain sensitive     information from process memory via a crafted     image.(CVE-2017-7593)The     OJPEGReadHeaderInfoSecTablesDcTable function in     tif_ojpeg.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 allows remote attackers to     cause a denial of service (memory leak) via a crafted     image.(CVE-2017-7594)The JPEGSetupEncode function in     tiff_jpeg.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 allows remote attackers to     cause a denial of service (divide-by-zero error and     application crash) via a crafted     image.(CVE-2017-7595)LibTIFF 4.0.7 has an 'outside the     range of representable values of type float' undefined     behavior issue, which might allow remote attackers to     cause a denial of service (application crash) or     possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted     image.(CVE-2017-7596)tif_dirread.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 has     an 'outside the range of representable values of type     float' undefined behavior issue, which might allow     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other     impact via a crafted image.(CVE-2017-7597)LibTIFF 4.0.7     has an 'outside the range of representable values of     type short' undefined behavior issue, which might allow     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other     impact via a crafted image.(CVE-2017-7599)LibTIFF 4.0.7     has an 'outside the range of representable values of     type unsigned char' undefined behavior issue, which     might allow remote attackers to cause a denial of     service (application crash) or possibly have     unspecified other impact via a crafted     image.(CVE-2017-7600)tif_dirread.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7     might allow remote attackers to cause a denial of     service (divide-by-zero error and application crash)     via a crafted image.(CVE-2017-7598)LibTIFF 4.0.7 has a     'shift exponent too large for 64-bit type long'     undefined behavior issue, which might allow remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (application     crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a     crafted image.(CVE-2017-7601)LibTIFF 4.0.7 has a signed     integer overflow, which might allow remote attackers to     cause a denial of service (application crash) or     possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted     image.(CVE-2017-7602)LibTIFF version 4.0.7 is     vulnerable to a heap-based buffer over-read in     tif_lzw.c resulting in DoS or code execution via a     crafted bmp image to tools/bmp2tiff.(CVE-2017-5563)In     LibTIFF 4.0.7, the program processes BMP images without     verifying that biWidth and biHeight in the     bitmap-information header match the actual input,     leading to a heap-based buffer over-read in     bmp2tiff.(CVE-2017-9117)In LibTIFF 4.0.7, a memory leak     vulnerability was found in the function     TIFFReadDirEntryLong8Array in tif_dirread.c, which     allows attackers to cause a denial of service via a     crafted file.(CVE-2017-9403)In LibTIFF 4.0.8, there is     a memory leak in tif_jbig.c. A crafted TIFF document     can lead to a memory leak resulting in a remote denial     of service attack.(CVE-2017-9936)In LibTIFF 4.0.9, a     heap-based buffer overflow occurs in the function     LZWDecodeCompat in tif_lzw.c via a crafted TIFF file,     as demonstrated by tiff2ps.(CVE-2018-8905)Heap-based     buffer overflow in the readContigStripsIntoBuffer     function in tif_unix.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 allows remote     attackers to have unspecified impact via a crafted     image.(CVE-2016-10092)LibTIFF 4.0.7 allows remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based     buffer overflow) or possibly have unspecified other     impact via a crafted TIFF image, related to 'WRITE of     size 2048' and     libtiff/tif_next.c:64:9.(CVE-2016-10272)LibTIFF 4.0.7     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (divide-by-zero error and application crash) via a     crafted TIFF image, related to     libtiff/tif_read.c:351:22.(CVE-2016-10266)LibTIFF 4.0.7     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (divide-by-zero error and application crash) via a     crafted TIFF image, related to     libtiff/tif_ojpeg.c:816:8.(CVE-2016-10267)tools/tiffcp.
    c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 allows remote attackers to cause a     denial of service (integer underflow and heap-based     buffer under-read) or possibly have unspecified other     impact via a crafted TIFF image, related to 'READ of     size 78490' and     libtiff/tif_unix.c:115:23.(CVE-2016-10268)LibTIFF 4.0.7     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (heap-based buffer over-read) or possibly have     unspecified other impact via a crafted TIFF image,     related to 'READ of size 512' and     libtiff/tif_unix.c:340:2.(CVE-2016-10269)LibTIFF 4.0.7     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (heap-based buffer over-read) or possibly have     unspecified other impact via a crafted TIFF image,     related to 'READ of size 8' and     libtiff/tif_read.c:523:22.(CVE-2016-10270)The     TIFFWriteDirectoryTagCheckedRational function in     tif_dirwrite.c in LibTIFF 4.0.6 allows remote attackers     to cause a denial of service (assertion failure and     application exit) via a crafted TIFF     file.(CVE-2016-10371)Buffer overflow in the     readextension function in gif2tiff.c in LibTIFF 4.0.6     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (application crash) via a crafted GIF     file.(CVE-2016-3186)The fpAcc function in tif_predict.c     in the tiff2rgba tool in LibTIFF 4.0.6 and earlier     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (divide-by-zero error) via a crafted TIFF     image.(CVE-2016-3622)tiffsplit in libtiff 4.0.6 allows     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted file, related to     changing td_nstrips in TIFF_STRIPCHOP     mode.(CVE-2016-9273)tools/tiffcrop.c in libtiff 4.0.6     reads an undefined buffer in     readContigStripsIntoBuffer() because of a uint16     integer overflow. Reported as MSVR     35100.(CVE-2016-9538)tools/tiffcrop.c in libtiff 4.0.6     has an out-of-bounds read in     readContigTilesIntoBuffer(). Reported as MSVR     35092.(CVE-2016-9539)In LibTIFF 4.0.8, there is a     assertion abort in the     TIFFWriteDirectoryTagCheckedLong8Array function in     tif_dirwrite.c. A crafted input will lead to a remote     denial of service attack.(CVE-2017-10688)The     TIFFReadDirEntryArray function in tif_read.c in LibTIFF     4.0.8 mishandles memory allocation for short files,     which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of     service (allocation failure and application crash) in     the TIFFFetchStripThing function in tif_dirread.c     during a tiff2pdf invocation.(CVE-2017-12944)There is a     reachable assertion abort in the function     TIFFWriteDirectorySec() in LibTIFF 4.0.8, related to     tif_dirwrite.c and a SubIFD tag. A crafted input will     lead to a remote denial of service     attack.(CVE-2017-13726)tif_getimage.c in LibTIFF     through 4.0.10, as used in GDAL through 3.0.1 and other     products, has an integer overflow that potentially     causes a heap-based buffer overflow via a crafted RGBA     image, related to a 'Negative-size-param'     condition.(CVE-2019-17546)_TIFFCheckMalloc and
    _TIFFCheckRealloc in tif_aux.c in LibTIFF through     4.0.10 mishandle Integer Overflow checks because they     rely on compiler behavior that is undefined by the     applicable C standards. This can, for example, lead to     an application crash.(CVE-2019-14973)Buffer overflow in     the readgifimage function in gif2tiff.c in the gif2tiff     tool in LibTIFF 4.0.6 allows remote attackers to cause     a denial of service (segmentation fault) via a crafted     gif file.(CVE-2016-5102)** DISPUTED ** LibTIFF 4.0.8     has multiple memory leak vulnerabilities, which allow     attackers to cause a denial of service (memory     consumption), as demonstrated by tif_open.c, tif_lzw.c,     and tif_aux.c. NOTE: Third parties were unable to     reproduce the issue.(CVE-2017-16232)An issue was     discovered in LibTIFF 4.0.9. There is a NULL pointer     dereference in the function LZWDecode in the file     tif_lzw.c.(CVE-2018-18661)The rgb2ycbcr tool in LibTIFF     4.0.6 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a     denial of service (divide-by-zero) by setting the (1) v     or (2) h parameter to 0.(CVE-2016-3623)The cvtClump     function in the rgb2ycbcr tool in LibTIFF 4.0.6 and     earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of     service (out-of-bounds write) by setting the '-v'     option to -1.(CVE-2016-3624)Stack-based buffer overflow     in the _TIFFVGetField function in libtiff 4.0.6 and     earlier allows remote attackers to crash the     application via a crafted tiff.(CVE-2016-5318)LibTIFF     4.0.7 has an invalid read in the _TIFFVGetField     function in tif_dir.c, which might allow remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a     crafted TIFF file.(CVE-2017-9147)The _TIFFFax3fillruns     function in libtiff before 4.0.6 allows remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (divide-by-zero     error and application crash) via a crafted Tiff     image.(CVE-2016-5323)The DumpModeDecode function in     libtiff 4.0.6 and earlier allows attackers to cause a     denial of service (invalid read and crash) via a     crafted tiff image.(CVE-2016-5321)The TIFFReadRawStrip1     and TIFFReadRawTile1 functions in tif_read.c in libtiff     before 4.0.7 allows remote attackers to cause a denial     of service (crash) or possibly obtain sensitive     information via a negative index in a file-content     buffer.(CVE-2016-6223)Integer overflow in the     writeBufferToSeparateStrips function in tiffcrop.c in     LibTIFF before 4.0.7 allows remote attackers to cause a     denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted     tif file.(CVE-2016-9532)The TIFFWriteDirectorySec()     function in tif_dirwrite.c in LibTIFF through 4.0.9     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (assertion failure and application crash) via a crafted     file, a different vulnerability than     CVE-2017-13726.(CVE-2018-10963)Heap-based buffer     overflow in the cpSeparateBufToContigBuf function in     tiffcp.c in LibTIFF 4.0.9 allows remote attackers to     cause a denial of service (crash) or possibly have     unspecified other impact via a crafted TIFF     file.(CVE-2018-12900)An issue was discovered in LibTIFF     4.0.9. There are two out-of-bounds writes in cpTags in     tools/tiff2bw.c and tools/pal2rgb.c, which can cause a     denial of service (application crash) or possibly have     unspecified other impact via a crafted image     file.(CVE-2018-17101)LibTIFF 4.0.9 (with JBIG enabled)     decodes arbitrarily-sized JBIG into a buffer, ignoring     the buffer size, which leads to a tif_jbig.c JBIGDecode     out-of-bounds write.(CVE-2018-18557)In LibTIFF 4.0.9,     there is a NULL pointer dereference in the     TIFFWriteDirectorySec function in tif_dirwrite.c that     will lead to a denial of service attack, as     demonstrated by tiffset.(CVE-2018-19210)The TIFFFdOpen     function in tif_unix.c in LibTIFF 4.0.10 has a memory     leak, as demonstrated by pal2rgb.(CVE-2019-6128)An     Invalid Address dereference was discovered in     TIFFWriteDirectoryTagTransferfunction in     libtiff/tif_dirwrite.c in LibTIFF 4.0.10, affecting the     cpSeparateBufToContigBuf function in tiffcp.c. Remote     attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a     denial-of-service via a crafted tiff file. This is     different from CVE-2018-12900.(CVE-2019-7663)

Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the EulerOS security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.

According to the versions of the libtiff package installed, the EulerOS Virtualization installation on the remote host is affected by the following vulnerabilities :

  - Heap-based buffer overflow in the readgifimage function     in the gif2tiff tool in libtiff 4.0.3 and earlier     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a     crafted height and width values in a GIF     image.(CVE-2013-4243)

  - Integer overflow in tools/bmp2tiff.c in LibTIFF before     4.0.4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of     service (heap-based buffer over-read), or possibly     obtain sensitive information from process memory, via     crafted width and length values in RLE4 or RLE8 data in     a BMP file.(CVE-2015-8870)

  - LibTIFF 4.0.3 allows remote attackers to cause a denial     of service (out-of-bounds read and crash) via a crafted     TIFF image to the (1) checkInkNamesString function in     tif_dir.c in the thumbnail tool, (2) compresscontig     function in tiff2bw.c in the tiff2bw tool, (3)     putcontig8bitCIELab function in tif_getimage.c in the     tiff2rgba tool, LZWPreDecode function in tif_lzw.c in     the (4) tiff2ps or (5) tiffdither tool, (6) NeXTDecode     function in tif_next.c in the tiffmedian tool, or (7)     TIFFWriteDirectoryTagLongLong8Array function in     tif_dirwrite.c in the tiffset tool.(CVE-2014-8127)

  - Use-after-free vulnerability in the     t2p_readwrite_pdf_image function in tools/tiff2pdf.c in     libtiff 4.0.3 allows remote attackers to cause a denial     of service (crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code     via a crafted TIFF image.(CVE-2013-4232)

  - Integer overflow in the writeBufferToSeparateStrips     function in tiffcrop.c in LibTIFF before 4.0.7 allows     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted tif     file.(CVE-2016-9532)

  - Multiple integer overflows in the (1) cvt_by_strip and     (2) cvt_by_tile functions in the tiff2rgba tool in     LibTIFF 4.0.6 and earlier, when -b mode is enabled,     allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (crash) or execute arbitrary code via a crafted TIFF     image, which triggers an out-of-bounds     write.(CVE-2016-3945)

  - The (1) putcontig8bitYCbCr21tile function in     tif_getimage.c or (2) NeXTDecode function in tif_next.c     in LibTIFF allows remote attackers to cause a denial of     service (uninitialized memory access) via a crafted     TIFF image, as demonstrated by libtiff-cvs-1.tif and     libtiff-cvs-2.tif.(CVE-2014-9655)

  - A flaw was discovered in the bmp2tiff utility. By     tricking a user into processing a specially crafted     file, a remote attacker could exploit this flaw to     cause a crash or memory corruption and, possibly,     execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the user     running the libtiff tool.(CVE-2014-9330)

  - The TIFFReadRawStrip1 and TIFFReadRawTile1 functions in     tif_read.c in libtiff before 4.0.7 allows remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or     possibly obtain sensitive information via a negative     index in a file-content buffer.(CVE-2016-6223)

  - The _TIFFmalloc function in tif_unix.c in LibTIFF 4.0.3     does not reject a zero size, which allows remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (divide-by-zero     error and application crash) via a crafted TIFF image     that is mishandled by the TIFFWriteScanline function in     tif_write.c, as demonstrated by     tiffdither.(CVE-2014-8130)

  - Heap-based buffer overflow in the     t2p_process_jpeg_strip function in tiff2pdf in libtiff     4.0.3 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a     denial of service (crash) and possibly execute     arbitrary code via a crafted TIFF image     file.(CVE-2013-1960)

  - Stack-based buffer overflow in the t2p_write_pdf_page     function in tiff2pdf in libtiff before 4.0.3 allows     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (application crash) via a crafted image length and     resolution in a TIFF image file.(CVE-2013-1961)

  - Heap-based buffer overflow in the loadImage function in     the tiffcrop tool in LibTIFF 4.0.6 and earlier allows     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (out-of-bounds write) or execute arbitrary code via a     crafted TIFF image with zero tiles.(CVE-2016-3991)

  - Heap-based buffer overflow in the horizontalDifference8     function in tif_pixarlog.c in LibTIFF 4.0.6 and earlier     allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (crash) or execute arbitrary code via a crafted TIFF     image to tiffcp.(CVE-2016-3990)

  - LibTIFF 4.0.3 allows remote attackers to cause a denial     of service (out-of-bounds write) or possibly have     unspecified other impact via a crafted TIFF image, as     demonstrated by failure of tif_next.c to verify that     the BitsPerSample value is 2, and the     t2p_sample_lab_signed_to_unsigned function in     tiff2pdf.c.(CVE-2014-8129)

  - The LZW decompressor in the gif2tiff tool in libtiff     4.0.3 and earlier allows context-dependent attackers to     cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds write and     crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted     GIF image.(CVE-2013-4244)

  - The _TIFFVGetField function in tif_dirinfo.c in LibTIFF     4.0.6 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a     denial of service (out-of-bounds write) or execute     arbitrary code via a crafted TIFF image.(CVE-2016-3632)

  - The NeXTDecode function in tif_next.c in LibTIFF allows     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (uninitialized memory access) via a crafted TIFF image,     as demonstrated by libtiff5.tif.(CVE-2015-1547)

  - In LibTIFF 4.0.9, there is a NULL pointer dereference     in the TIFFWriteDirectorySec function in tif_dirwrite.c     that will lead to a denial of service attack, as     demonstrated by tiffset.(CVE-2018-19210)

  - The TIFFFdOpen function in tif_unix.c in LibTIFF 4.0.10     has a memory leak, as demonstrated by     pal2rgb.(CVE-2019-6128)

  - An Invalid Address dereference was discovered in     TIFFWriteDirectoryTagTransferfunction in     libtiff/tif_dirwrite.c in LibTIFF 4.0.10, affecting the     cpSeparateBufToContigBuf function in tiffcp.c. Remote     attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a     denial-of-service via a crafted tiff file. This is     different from CVE-2018-12900.(CVE-2019-7663)

Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the EulerOS security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.

According to the versions of the libtiff packages installed, the EulerOS installation on the remote host is affected by the following vulnerabilities :

  - Off-by-one error in the t2p_readwrite_pdf_image_tile     function in tools/tiff2pdf.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7 allows     remote attackers to have unspecified impact via a     crafted image.(CVE-2016-10094)

  - Integer overflow in tools/tiffcp.c in LibTIFF 4.0.7     allows remote attackers to have unspecified impact via     a crafted image, which triggers a heap-based buffer     overflow.(CVE-2016-10093)

  - LibTIFF version 4.0.7 is vulnerable to a heap buffer     overflow in the tools/tiffcp resulting in DoS or code     execution via a crafted BitsPerSample     value.(CVE-2017-5225)

  - Integer overflow in the writeBufferToSeparateStrips     function in tiffcrop.c in LibTIFF before 4.0.7 allows     remote attackers to cause a denial of service     (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted tif     file.(CVE-2016-9532)

  - The TIFFReadRawStrip1 and TIFFReadRawTile1 functions in     tif_read.c in libtiff before 4.0.7 allows remote     attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or     possibly obtain sensitive information via a negative     index in a file-content buffer.(CVE-2016-6223)

Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the EulerOS security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.

It was discovered that LibTIFF incorrectly handled certain malformed images. If a user or automated system were tricked into opening a specially crafted image, a remote attacker could crash the application, leading to a denial of service, or possibly execute arbitrary code with user privileges.

Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the Ubuntu security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.

Multiple vulnerabilities have been discovered in the libtiff library and the included tools tiff2rgba, rgb2ycbcr, tiffcp, tiffcrop, tiff2pdf and tiffsplit, which may result in denial of service, memory disclosure or the execution of arbitrary code.

There were additional vulnerabilities in the tools bmp2tiff, gif2tiff, thumbnail and ras2tiff, but since these were addressed by the libtiff developers by removing the tools altogether, no patches are available and those tools were also removed from the tiff package in Debian stable. The change had already been made in Debian stretch before and no applications included in Debian are known to rely on these scripts.
If you use those tools in custom setups, consider using a different conversion/thumbnailing tool.

The remote host is affected by the vulnerability described in GLSA-201701-16 (libTIFF: Multiple vulnerabilities)

    Multiple vulnerabilities have been discovered in libTIFF. Please review       the CVE identifier and bug reports referenced for details.
  Impact :

    A remote attacker could entice a user to process a specially crafted       image file, possibly resulting in execution of arbitrary code with the       privileges of the process or a Denial of Service condition.
  Workaround :

    There is no known workaround at this time.

Multiple memory corruption issues have been identified in libtiff and its associated tools.

CVE-2016-9273

Heap buffer overflow in cpStrips().

CVE-2016-9297

Read outside buffer in _TIFFPrintField().

CVE-2016-9532

Heap buffer overflow via writeBufferToSeparateStrips().

For Debian 7 'Wheezy', these problems have been fixed in version 4.0.2-6+deb7u8.

We recommend that you upgrade your tiff packages.

NOTE: Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the DLA security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.

ID	Name	Product	Family	Severity
131619	EulerOS 2.0 SP2 : libtiff (EulerOS-SA-2019-2466)	Nessus	Huawei Local Security Checks	critical
124940	EulerOS Virtualization 3.0.1.0 : libtiff (EulerOS-SA-2019-1437)	Nessus	Huawei Local Security Checks	high
110741	EulerOS 2.0 SP3 : libtiff (EulerOS-SA-2018-1165)	Nessus	Huawei Local Security Checks	critical
97434	Ubuntu 14.04 LTS / 16.04 LTS / 16.10 : tiff vulnerabilities (USN-3212-1)	Nessus	Ubuntu Local Security Checks	critical
96495	Debian DSA-3762-1 : tiff - security update	Nessus	Debian Local Security Checks	critical
96373	GLSA-201701-16 : libTIFF: Multiple vulnerabilities	Nessus	Gentoo Local Security Checks	critical
95261	Debian DLA-716-1 : tiff security update	Nessus	Debian Local Security Checks	high

CVE-2016-9532

medium

New! CVE Severity Now Using CVSS v3

Description

References

Details

Risk Information

CVSS v2

CVSS v3

Vulnerable Software

Configuration 1

Configuration 2

Tenable Plugins

critical

high

critical

critical

critical

critical

high