Android 1.6 Donut through 4.2 Jelly Bean does not properly check cryptographic signatures for applications, which allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via an application package file (APK) that is modified in a way that does not violate the cryptographic signature, probably involving multiple entries in a Zip file with the same name in which one entry is validated but the other entry is installed, aka Android security bug 8219321 and the "Master Key" vulnerability.
https://plus.google.com/113331808607528811927/posts/GxDA6111vYy
https://jira.cyanogenmod.org/browse/CYAN-1602
http://www.zdnet.com/google-releases-fix-to-oems-for-blue-security-android-security-hole-7000017782/
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/60952
http://review.cyanogenmod.org/#/c/45251/
http://bluebox.com/corporate-blog/bluebox-uncovers-android-master-key/