The Bitcoin protocol, as used in bitcoind before 0.4.4, wxBitcoin, Bitcoin-Qt, and other programs, does not properly handle multiple transactions with the same identifier, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (unspendable transaction) by leveraging the ability to create a duplicate coinbase transaction.
https://github.com/sipa/bitcoin/commit/a206b0ea12eb4606b93323268fc81a4f1f952531
https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2012-1918
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CVEs
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0030
https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=407793