The TCP implementation in (1) Linux, (2) platforms based on BSD Unix, (3) Microsoft Windows, (4) Cisco products, and probably other operating systems allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (connection queue exhaustion) via multiple vectors that manipulate information in the TCP state table, as demonstrated by sockstress.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2009/ms09-048
http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA09-251A.html
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/cpujul2012-392727.html
https://github.com/mrclki/sockstress
https://github.com/marcelki/sockstress
https://www.cert.fi/haavoittuvuudet/2008/tcp-vulnerabilities.html
https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A6340
https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2008-4589
http://www.outpost24.com/news/news-2008-10-02.html
http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2013:150
http://www.cpni.gov.uk/Docs/tn-03-09-security-assessment-TCP.pdf
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_security_response09186a0080a15120.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_security_advisory09186a0080af511d.shtml
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com.au/articles/27154-TCP-is-fundamentally-borked
http://lists.immunitysec.com/pipermail/dailydave/2008-October/005360.html
http://insecure.org/stf/tcp-dos-attack-explained.html
http://blog.robertlee.name/2008/10/conjecture-speculation.html